Government Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Government Law - Essay Example This authority has permitted the Supreme Court to review in terms of affirming or overturning rulings of lower tribunals and courts. The power of judicial review was first exercised by the Supreme Court in the case titled Marbury v. Madison in 1803 and this power is granted vide Article III, sections 1 and 2 of the Constitution (Urofsky, 2001). Main Body The process by which the Supreme Court makes reviews of cases has changed considerably over time. Currently there are a number of ways in which cases are put up before the Supreme Court. A writ of certiorari petition can be made by parties to the case that has been ruled by a US court of appeals or by writ of certiorari in regard to decisions taken by any state court following rejection of all state appeals. The appeal must imply an issue of federal, statutory or constitutional law. The Supreme Court can also make review of cases by petition for certiorari prior to judgment so that cases can be expedited that are pending before the a ppellate courts. Cases can also be put up by appeal in the context of decisions of district courts in the US that relate to redistricting of state or Congressional legislative districts (Epstein, 1995). The Constitution empowers the Congress to create bills that can become law only after they are signed by the President. The President has veto powers granted by the Constitution empowering him to keep a check on the power used by the Congress. However, such veto can be overridden if Congress musters 2/3rd majority, which proves to be a check on the authority of the President. The Supreme makes an evaluation about the constitutional validity of the law when a person is impacted directly by such law in terms of personal damage (Stuntz, 1997). Mostly, the case has to go through a trial court and subsequent appeals in lower courts before being taken up by the Supreme Court. If the Supreme Court is unable to find a basis to nullify the law, the President has to take a decision. Laws are n ot made by the Supreme Court directly but its rulings shape the law (Cox, 1987). Legislative process involves the Congress whereby it passes bills that have to be approved by the President. If the President approves a bill, he signs it into becoming law. The judicial process involves the Supreme Court in terms of reviewing the law for its constitutional validity. If the law is found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court, it can nullify the same. The President is vested with the responsibility of enforcing Supreme Court decisions. Both the Congress and the President enjoy exclusive rights in creating new laws that are reviewed by the Supreme Court. The President can make recommendations about terms and items that are to be reviewed in this regard (Beard, 2007) The different branches of the government comprise of the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. The Executive comprises of the President and the Vice President of the country and they are elected leaders in being the First and S econd in command (Spaeth, 1979). The President has to ensure that laws passed by Congress are implemented and he/she has the power to veto and rule against laws that are passed by Congress, which he/she can do by refusing to sign the bill. The Legislative is also known as the Congress and comprises of the Senate and the House of Commons. The Congress has the power to declare war in demanding situations and to create laws for the

Commentary on quotations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Commentary on quotations - Essay Example Unfortunately, greed and ambition got the better of the European colonizers treating Indians, along with other â€Å"inferior† races as indentured servants. The process of colonization was necessary to give the ideas freedom, prosperity, and identity a potent reality in America as a civilization of peoples evolved. Immigration of new settlers coming from various parts of the world and migration to the west enabled cultural interactions which resulted to the conscious awareness of cultural differences. As history begins to unfold, the definition between savagery and civilization has become clear. As people of different backgrounds emerged, their motives which were easily characterized by their actions, defines what the word civilize truly means. "Twenty years ago, half our continent was an unknown land, and the Rocky Mountains were our pillars of Hercules. Five years hence, the Orient will be our next door neighbor. We shall hold the worlds granary, the worlds treasury, the worlds highway. But we shall have no West, no border, no Civilization, in line of battle, pressing back hostile savages, and conquering hostile nature.† (p.10) Richard White wrote about the frontier in American culture based on Frederick Jackson Turners academic paper entitled The Significance of the Frontier in American History. The quote is a reminiscence of the past and the prediction of what was to come in the future, seeing the how things have been going at present and for the last quarter of a century, the end of the frontier is very imminent. Immigrants have suppressed the pioneers, referred to as savages, so that the land could be theirs. As a civilization of peoples evolved, a strong, rich, and progressive America was born. Yet, being civilized ended on a superficial level because overcoming of mans hostile nature proved to be a never ending struggle. A speech by Captain Pipe, Hopocan, in 1781, a

Air and Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air and Water Pollution - Essay Example For example, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur oxide etc are some of the primary pollutants whereas ozone, sulfuric acid etc are some of the secondary pollutants. Pollutants which cause direct damages to air and water are called primary pollutants whereas pollutants which act through other objects are called secondary pollutants. This paper analyses the action of pollutants on air and water, taking two air pollutants and two water pollutants as examples. Air Pollutants Carbon monoxide gas emitted by automobiles is one of the major primary air pollutants. In fact automobiles account for more than 60% of the carbon monoxide production. Oxygen is required for the burning of any objects. If the burning or combustion process faces shortage of oxygen, carbon monoxide will be formed. Automobiles emit carbon monoxide because of the problems in the fossil fuel combustion process or the shortage of oxygen inside the engines. It is a serious poison gas which can kill living things qui ckly if inhaled high concentration of it. When Carbon Monoxide is inhaled, the CO combines with the hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). CO displaces oxygen attached to the carrier molecule, hemoglobin. The COHb bond is over 200 times stronger than oxygen's bond with hemoglobin. The strong COHb bond makes it difficult for the body to eliminate CO from the blood (Indoor Air Quality --- Carbon monoxide (CO), n. d) â€Å"Visual impairment, reduced work capacity, reduced manual dexterity, poor learning ability and difficulty in performing complex tasks etc are some other health problems associated with exposure to carbon monoxide†( Carbon monoxide, n. d). Carbon monoxide is present in the lower atmospheric layers only because of its short life. Carbon monoxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom and it is not a stable gas. It quickly accepts one oxygen atom from its neighborhood and converts itself into carbon dioxide which is a stable gas. Ozone (O3) is one o f the major secondary air pollutants. In fact ozone layer in the atmosphere protects us from the harmful UV radiations emitted by sun. Ozone normally presents in two layers of atmosphere; one near the ground level and the other high up in the atmosphere. Even though, ozone layer high up in the atmosphere acts as a protective shield for us, the ground level presence of ozone causes major health problems to us. Ground level Ozone is produced when some substances undergoes chemical reaction in the presence of sun light. The destructive ability of ground level ozone cannot be predicted since ozone has the ability to travel longer distances. â€Å"Short-term exposure to ozone peaks can temporarily affect the lungs, the respiratory tract, and the eyes. It can also increase the susceptibility to inhaledallergens. Long-term exposure to relatively low concentrations of ozone can reduce lung function† (Scientific Facts on Air Pollution Ozone, 2011) Water Pollutants Sewage is one of the major primary pollutants of water. Sewage normally consists of organic matters including solid and liquid particles. It normally consists of industrial waste, human and animal wastes etc. It encourages the growth of microorganisms which can raise severe health threats to both marine life and land life because of its abilities to cause and spread different kinds of diseases. Sewage decomposes using the dissolved oxygen content in the water. When more solid particles present in

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation Essay

Advantages of using a team to develop and complete a presentation - Essay Example Collaborations utilizing the talents and wisdom of knowledgeable persons provide the presentation with a higher level of credibility and in-depth informative aspects far beyond what a single perspective and solitary voice could offer to the audience. It is commonplace in today’s high-tech society for presentations to be produced and delivered by means of a group effort rather than by an individual. It has been found to be much more effectual for numerous associates to speak instead of just a single person speaking for the entire organization or group. A presentation is broken up into several sections with each requiring a specialized knowledge base which is more effectively addressed by an expert in that particular area. One person can hardly be considered the most knowledgeable within an organization regarding every aspect of a complex subject or project. In addition, the audience retains more interest for a longer period of time if the presentation is broken up with differing speakers. When team members speak only on what they know best, this not only allows for a more informative presentation but does not put the burden on one person to speak about unfamiliar aspects of the subject. Each member is confident with their part and thus at ease with the material unlike a single person attempting to cover everything, a confidence which is openly conveyed to the audience. Group presentations also serve to present a cross-section of the organization’s employees instead of viewing just one representative, a major selling point to the intended audience (Friedmann, 2003). Team presentation offers a heightened level of attention for the audience as they are presented with a variety of speakers. When practiced well, the presentation flows more smoothly and coherently with a group effort because, for example, one person might be given the task of operating visual and or audio aids while another focuses on speaking to the audience.

Selective Lit Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Selective Lit Review - Assignment Example Continually, organizations are recognizing that their employees are a base for competitive advantage. As a result, HR departments are changing from being administrative, to become strategic partners – answerable to the achievement of business goals. This approach requires the development of new evaluation and defining models for the success of their HR. Through such models, they will be able to demonstrate the value of their strategic contribution. This review will discuss different errors in the current models of evaluation (Cousins, Donohue and Bloom, 1996). Cousins, Donohue and Bloom (1996) insist that despite developments in participatory and collaborative evaluation, little has been explored, over the perception of the evaluators, with regards to evaluation practices and their practicality. This was be explored using a survey of American and Canadian evaluators – in the area of their perceptions. From the 564 evaluators surveyed, a subsample of 348, apart from expressing their opinions over collaborative evaluation, they described collaborative evaluation projects they had participated in. From the survey of the 564 evaluators, over their views of evaluation, it was evident that they support a utilization-focused, service orientation to the function, and that the evaluator holds the responsibility of maximizing proposed use among the users. The practices of evaluators, show that most of them engage collaboratively – which is not intended to support either side of the professional discussion, but add to the knowledge-bas e on evaluation. Holton (1996) the lack of further study to advance the theory of evaluation is a primary deficiency for HRD (human resource development). In this regard, the four-level model of training evaluation is a classification of results, and erratic as a model of evaluation.

The film Pretty Woman Essay Example for Free

The film Pretty Woman Essay We recently watched the film Pretty Woman, which was directed by American Hollywood producer Garry Marshall, who had previously produced 70s T. V sitcoms, such as Happy Days, Mork Mindy, and Laverne Shirley. This film was made between 24th July 1989 and 18th October 1989, and was then released on 23rd March 1990. Pretty Woman cost $14million to make, but was a huge hit and in the U. S alone it made $178million, furthermore it made $478million worldwide. The story of Pretty Woman is based on George Bernard Shaws play Pygmalion, and the musical and 1964 film My Fair Lady, in which Rex Harrison plays Professor Higgins and Audrey Hepburn plays flower seller Eliza Doolittle. The soundtrack for this film was Oh, Pretty Woman, which was sung by Roy Orbison. In Pretty Woman Richard Gere plays wealthy and ruthless businessman, Edward Lewis, and Julia Roberts plays Vivien Ward who is a young prostitute. Pretty Woman starts with Edward breaking up with his girlfriend, so he takes a drive to Beverly Hills and unintentionally picks up prostitute Vivien, when he is trying to work out how to drive his lawyers wifes car. He explains to her that he buys companies that are starting to deteriorate, breaks them up and then sells them for a profit. He needs someone to take to a business meal the next evening, so he gives her $3000 to stay with him for the week. Vivien goes shopping on Rodeo Drive to buy a dress for the dinner, and she is treated very badly. The next day he takes her shopping and because of his wealth she is treated very differently. Through spending time with Vivien, Edward begins doubting his ruthless business techniques, and ends up help companies that are weakening. The director shows a lot of contrast between Edward and Viviens life. The opening line from the magician was No matter what they say, its all about money. This gives you an indication of what Edwardss life is about. The first time you see this is in the opening scene of the film. In Edwards world, it shows a close up on money, which shows you that is all Edwards life revolves around, and that he has plenty of it. He breaks up with his girlfriend because she says that he puts business before anything else. He then goes to look for his ex-girlfriend Susan, and asked her if she spoke to his secretary more than him. Susan then told him that his secretary was her bridesmaid. When you first see Vivien, she is on her way to a bar, which is used by street gangs to find her flat mate Kit. Vivien has to leave her dingy flat though the fire escape because her she cant afford to pay the rent. Edward lives in his huge Bel Air mansion, whereas Vivien lives in a not very pleasant flat, which she shares with her friend Kit, and between them they cant afford to pay rent. So again, the difference between the two characters is because of money. When Edward takes Vivien to the penthouse suite in the hotel Vivien is shocked by the size of it, but it is just normal to Edward, as he regularly stays in it, because it is the best. Edward seems to be more civilised than Vivien, because when he sits on a seat or chair, she always perches herself in the most awkward place. When you are shown Viviens world, the colours are always vivid and trashy, but in Edwardss world, the colours are always grey and black.

Strong Brand Since The 1950s Marketing Essay

Strong Brand Since The 1950s Marketing Essay Brands are of high importance to companies since they have the ability to bring attributes and associations to consumers minds and add value to the producing company and the product itself (Kotler, 2003). Adidas is a globally very strong brand since the 1950s. Adidas manufactures products that cover a wide spectrum of the total global sport market. Their products are divided in three main categories which are: Adidas Sport Performance, Adidas Sport Heritage and Adidas Sport Style. The wide variety of products that Adidas manufactures is the core problem since it is difficult for the company to establish full communication with its potential consumers. As a result of adding value only to some of the product segments is the possible association, in the mind of the consumer, of the brand with only some of the segments. Adidas in the eyes of the consumers is mostly associated with football which as a sport is by far known as a mens sport. Women on the other hand the previous years werent prioritized for the communication and sales promotion strategies. But the last decades women are involved in sports in a much higher percentage equally to the one of men. This has led the female sportswear market and industry to grow rapidly in order to cover the gap. In many households women are making the final decisions for the products that will be bought. This has led many companies to change their advertising position and make their advertisements more attractive to women. Advertising and communication strategies are the power to create associations and perceptions to a brand and enhance its brand image so that the brand will be more attractive and interesting in the mind of the consumer (Nilson, Torsten, 2000). In order to succeed in reaching out to women Adidas followed the changes, adapted to the needs that modern women have and came up with a deal with world famous designer Stella McCartney developing a new product line extension known as Adidas by Stella McCartney. STRATEGIC DECISIONS Question 2 Prepare positioning maps and perceptual maps for the chosen-appointed subgroup. Present appropriate explanations in order to support your proposals. Positioning Map Male Innovative Classic Adidas Female Adidas by Stella McCartney is generally positioned in the positioning map as a new innovative stylish top collection designed for women. Sportswear apparel for women exists as a product line in Adidas product categories for many decades. The new top line collection by Stella McCartney is an innovative new collection in womens sportswear that combines performance and functionality with high quality. Perceptual Maps High School Graduate or more Some High School or less Economically strong Economically weak Adidas Adidas by Stella McCartney collection is mostly addressed to women who are educated and in a way wealthy because of their personal success in business environment as a result of personal achievements. By being economically strong women can buy this collection rather searching for products which are best value for money, or for special discounts and offerings; the Adidas by Stella McCartney does not have discounts or special offers. Big Spender Out of Fashion In Style Stingy Adidas Adidas by Stella McCartney new top line collection targets women who spend a lot of money in cloths and shoes and in sports apparel in general. They usually look to purchase sportswear by famous designers to fulfill their need and desire to be attractive, different and stand out in the crowd. Sport Active Expensive Cheap Sport Inactive Adidas The new top line collection Adidas by Stella McCartney is addressed to women who are sport active and are willing to pay more money to purchase sportswear designed by a famous designer. Big City Income 15000-30000 $ Income Rural Adidas Adidas by Stella McCartney is addressed to women living in big cities and having an average income of 23000$. In big cities the trends are a daily phenomenon and economically strong women want to be in the trend and always look stylish because of the competition that exists sometimes in big cities. Every successful woman likes to be different and attractive because of her stylish and famous designed outfit. ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTIONAL MIX Question 3 Critically present the advertising and sales promotion objectives of the specific subgroup. Through advertising companies try to attach certain values to a product and make it more attractive to the needs of the consumer. Advertisements are paid announcements which usually target a specific market target group and are made or designed in a way to influence the consumer to buy the product or service being advertised. For that reason advertisements can be promoted by television, radio, newspapers, magazines and internet (Cohan, 2001). The last years Adidas has launched a new collection which is released every six months and is designed especially for women; it is called the Adidas by Stella McCartney. Adidas by Stella McCartney new collection is communicated and advertised through some types of media and the Adidas Group itself and both sides hope to increase the brand awareness and enhance the brand equity. Adidas believes that the most suitable way to communicate with women that their target group consists of is through womens magazines. For that reason every womans magazine in Greece has ads of the Adidas by Stella McCartney collection. These ads are published at the magazine issue that is around the date of the new collection release, before and during major holidays such as Christmas and Easter. The collections distribution on the other hand is limited. The head offices in Athens Greece control the places where the collection will be available for purchase. Such cities are the centre of Athens, Thessaloniki, and Larissa. But also in those cities only some selected stores have the permission to sell Stellas collection and that occurs after being very carefully chosen complying with a number of criteria. The image of Adidas and Stella McCartney can not be risked by having stock products. This new top product line is targeting people in large cities; on the other hand the Woman Indoor classic line is available in Adidas stores all over the world and is addressed to general women consumers. Because of the fact that Adidas is planning on spending a bigger budget every year on the woman segment the company looks for spokespersons that can promote their new line and add value to it. Of course Stella McCartney can be considered as the first but some other agreements have been made too. Such spokespersons who can also be considered are among other world famous athletes, tennis player Maria Kirilenko, and 400 meters hurdle runner Fani Halkia from Greece. Both of these athletes have signed not only to model but also to wear Adidas by Stella McCartney collection in every athletic event or major training day. Adidas does not prefer television ads to advertise the womans collection. The company uses the female magazines to organize events and festivals in large department stores and promote its womans collection through direct marketing communication. Also Adidas has never used discounts on Stella McCartneys collection. Instead the company prefers to organize fashion shows with runways, competitions and snack and beverage happenings to promote their top line collection for women. Question 4 Present the market segments that you propose to be targeted. The target group(s) shall be reported in demographic and mental-psychographic and purchase motives terms. Adidas main target group for their womens collection should be consisted of 20 and 35 year old women, maybe 37. Such a woman should live in a city or in a suburban area near a big city. She can still be in college or she is older, independent and working in preferred position in a company. The targeted segment is able and spends a large amount of money on clothes, shoes and apparel. In mental psychographic and purchase motive terms she can be characterized as sexy and seductive for the group of 20 to 27 and economically independent and successful for the group 28 to 35. She believes that by purchasing and having a world famous label in her cloths and shoes she improves her image, which is the reason why she buys world famous designers expensive brands for cloths and shoes, because by that purchase she believes that her well known cloths make her being perceived accordingly by her environment. That targeted woman is very stylish in a peculiar way sometimes but likes to capture attention and glances of the people around her, she likes giving stylish and purchase advises and generally she likes to be unique in a crowd. Sports on the other hand play a very important role in her everyday life. She wants to be perceived as an athlete for her leisure time but she takes the chance every time there is a competition. She wants her clothing to be functional but by all means they have to be stylish as well so that she can feel secure. She usually spends her time on training in different kinds of sports 3 to 4 times per week and simultaneously she can also have a subscription in a gym or even a fitness center for relaxation, because staying fit and being healthy is among her priorities. Question 5 In brief present your sales promotion (of any type) proposals, in order to support marketing communication program and help to succeed the 2010 sales goals of the specific Adidas subgroup. Since 2004 Adidas has decided to spend more and more economic resources every year to increase its brand awareness towards women. As result a business agreement, more like collaboration, was established with word famous designer Stella McCartney. The Adidas by Stella McCartney collection is more stylish and fashionable including each years new fashion and style trends and separating from the previous collections designed for women which were targeted more into sport type women. Having TV commercials is not suitable for the advertising of the new collection. TV advertisements cost a lot and are a difficult task to try communicating efficiently with the companys target group in all countries; plus if TV ads are not controlled effectively can lead to an overexposure of the collection and as a result to the negative perception of the brand. On the other hand special discounts and offerings are in a way forbidden because they could lead in negative perception of the brand. The new top line collection for women should increase the brand equity and enhance the companys and designers brand image. What Adidas can follow is a direct marketing strategy, which is already being followed. Adidas by Stella McCartney collection is currently advertised in the majority of the womens magazines in Greece. Also Adidas can benefit from the fact that its collection is offered in the countrys most known shopping centers and malls and with the collaboration of each magazine separately can organize fashion shows with models wearing and promoting that top line collection. Also happenings can be carried out in the shopping malls and departments with free snacks and drinks during the introduction of a new season collection. With such events Adidas promotes not only its brand and new collection but also the shopping store that distributes and sells its top line collection avoiding in that way overexposure. Another sales promotion activity which can be introduced in a more premium way is the organizing of special events especially for the women subscribers of the female and fashion magazines. Adidas can benefit from the magazines readers databases and invite them in a cocktail party for example with famous fashion models, artists and designers. In that way Adidas promotes its new collection, establishes better communication with women from its target group and enhances its brand image and brand equity.